Dialectical Journal The Crucible By Arthur Miller

Dialectical Journal 1 â€Å"They did not celebrate Christmas, and a holiday from work meant only that they must concentrate even more upon prayer.† Act 1, pg. 4 In today’s modern society, not many people around the world practice their religion as much as people used to in the older days. There may be certain exceptions, but generally religion in most places around the world is not as strict on its people as it used to be. Looking back on the Puritans in this book shows how religion was used to shape people and society itself. Dialectical Journal 2 â€Å"The Salem tragedy, which is about to begin in these pages developed from a paradox† Act 1, pg. 6 The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a story about the tragedies that occur in Salem. This tragedy was caused by mass hysteria that spread through people like wildfire. With people not having the ability to determine right or wrong and most people still following leaders like sheep, there wasn’t a chance to stop this event. This also reflects how false information can be spread across the world with all the technology we have today. Dialectical Journal 3 Mrs. Putnam: â€Å"How high did she fly, how high?† Act 1, pg. 12 Mrs. Putnam makes an accusation towards Betty and the girls that were in the woods with Tituba the night before. She believes that they were flying in the woods. The immediate reference that comes to my mind is the Wicked Witch in The Wizard of Oz as she is shown flying on a broom from place to place. This also goes with theShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesBabylon. â€Å"Beating Down Babylon†: Ideological Delegitimation Rastafari is ï ¬ rst and foremost a response to the Babylonian conditions of the Jamaican society and, by extension, of the whole Western world. The Rastafarian phenomenon was forged in the crucible of oppression that started in plantation slavery and that has persisted in post-emancipation and postcolonial Jamaica. The manner in which some experienced and perceived the realities of the colonial society called forth the response and shaped

Computer Forensic Essay - 931 Words

Instructions: There are multiple parts to this assignment. Carefully read each section and type your answer in the space provided. Complete each part of this Homework Assignment to receive full credit. Part 1: Investigation Web Sites Chapter 4 in the textbook contains links to several web sites which are important to understanding computer investigations. In this section, list the web sites discussed in the chapter and include their Internet links along with a brief description of what is contained at each of these sites. www.perlustro.com Expert Computer Forensic Analysis: Specialized techniques for data recovery, evidence authentication and analysis of electronic data far exceeding normal data collection and preservation†¦show more content†¦Although DRAMs become less reliable when they are not refreshed, they are not immediately erased, and their contents persist sufï ¬ ciently for malicious (or forensic) acquisition of usable full-system memory images ------------------------------------------------- Part 2: Acquisition Tools (Case Project 4-1) Your supervisor has asked you to research current acquisition tools. Using your preferred Internet search engine and the vendors listed in this chapter, prepare a report containing the following information for each tool and stating which tool you would prefer to use: * Computer forensics vendor name Technologies Pathways ProDiscover – Guidance Software EnCase – X-Ways Forensics – Runtime Software – R-Tools Technologies * Acquisition tool name and latest version number You can remotely connect to a suspect computer via a network connection and copy data from it Remote acquisition tools vary in configurations and capabilities * Features of the vendors product With ProDiscover Investigator you can: – Preview a suspect’s drive remotely while it’s in use – Perform a live acquisition – Encrypt the connection – Copy the suspect computer’s RAM – Use the optional stealth mode ProDiscover Incident Response additional functions – Capture volatile system state information – Analyze current running processes Remote Acquisition with EnCase Enterprise Remote acquisition features – Remote data acquisitionShow MoreRelatedBe A Computer Forensics Investigator1241 Words   |  5 Pages So you want to be a Computer Forensics Investigator CI4310: Digital Forensics Principles and Practices Lluà ­s Pà ©rez Carretà ³n K Number: K1329210 Computer forensics is acquiring great importance now a days due to the increasing value of information and the use given. This is why, when a crime is committed, most time information is stored in a digital format. Highlighting its scientific part, computer forensics bases its fundaments within physics, electrical and magnetic laws allowingRead MoreComputer Forensics Vs. Digital Forensics3382 Words   |  14 PagesCyber forensics which is also called computer forensics or digital forensics, is the process of extracting information and data from computers to serve as digital evidence - for civil purposes or, in many cases, to prove and legally prosecute cyber crime. The aim of computer forensics is to perform a structured and detailed investigation while maintaining a documented chain of evidence to find out exactly what happened on a computing device and who was responsible for it. With the current technologyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Computer Forensics1881 Words   |  8 Pagesapproach to carry out their crimes with the use of computers. 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Hiring Ex-Offenders an Attempt to Minimize the Squandering of Human Ca

Question: Based on your research interest, write a Theoretical Perspective section for your envisioned dissertation research. Theoretical frameworks provide a basis for the study; examples include social and psychological theories, organizational theories, leadership theories, economic theories, and educational theories. Answer: The recruitment of ex offenders so as to minimize the wastage of human capital is a pertinent problem which is a great concern to the stake holders, officials, academic and the business leaders. In US there are so many incarcerated people, among which approximately 2 million men incarcerated and out of these The percentage of African men is about 41. (Blessett et al., 2013). The business professionals attract these labor so as to meet their business needs. There are many employers who are not interested in hiring individuals who have done any crime. The process of employment and the bringing up of the ex offender to the community is a long process that requires stake holders, victim and the community support. In the later paragraphs a description of the criteria of selection, the theoretical perspective and the facts, the theories and the concepts are explained in detail. At the workplace to recruit an ex offender is the biggest challenge as there are so many things to be looked at. Firstly the organizations use Disclosure and Barring Service to assess the criminal record of the person who has applied for a certain position. It is kept in mind that the individuals are not discriminated because of the convictions, outstanding criminal proceedings and convictions. The talent skills, potential is judged on a fairly basis. The complete DBS check is must sto as to attain employment. The recruitment criteria is different for different organizations. The NHS business service authorities ensures that there is no inequality among individuals, an interview is conducted irrespective of the crime done. Disclosures are only asked when a risk assessment is identified related to the post. The posts that require disclosures send a document stating the level of disclosure, the relevance, application forms and adverts that are required for the position. In general case s the NHSBSA only for the details of unspent convictions related to The Rehabilitation of offenders act of 1974. In some cases it can also ask about the full criminal record. NHSBSA has HR advisors who read out the disclosures and tell the training and guidance that has to be provided by the managers (Kilgore, 2012). It also abides to the CRB codes of practice. A copy of CRB is provided to all the applicants and ha to abide it. The employment of the offenders depends on the nature, course, circumstances of the crime done by him/her. The employment process is done like it is done for a normal individual but it is kept in mind that the human capital is not harmed. It has been seen the number of ex offenders are increasing year by year. The data has crossed millions and till the age of 23 every individual has done a crime. It also cause a negative impact on the society as well as economic harm to the country.The African American families mostly live in poverty as compared to other groups. Obtaining employment with a sustainable wage is imperative in the equation of maintaining a family, and the reduction in recidivism. The EEOC and Affirmative Action came out so as to reduce the economic inequalities among racial and ethnic minority. The judges of lower courts were on liberty to take up business and offer employment and promotions to the minorities due to the transgressions that occur in past. A positive socio economic relation is demanded with these peoples so as to strengthen the community. For this both the qualitative and quantitative methods are applied. There are centre like Evelyn K. Davis Center is a non profit institute that work to pr ovide career and education to the African men. The stakeholders are strategic and they are enticing and retaining an additional number of employees. The ex offenders who have done less severe crimes and have the skills are preferred as it can decrement recidivism. The first things that are meant for these ex offenders are release, reentry, rehabilitation, and reintegration. When an individual leaves the prison then its called release, then its reentry in to the community and the society (Garner, B. A. et al, 2004). Then comes the theory of reformation it is to make the individual do something good for the community and to improve the individuals character and the last major theory is reintegrate. It is to become an entity, to improve the individuals character and to be accepted to the society. For this concept the rehabilitation is must for and individual. The rehabilitation theory is done to arouse proper moral values in the individual and to keep him away from doing crime again. Further a new approach of restorative is added to rehabilitation theory. A restorative approach is to involve in a process to a certain extent, to the individual who have a stake in a crime and to collectively introduce the harms, need and obligation so as to heal up and put all the things in the right place. It is the stake holder in an offense who are at the employment of the ex offenders. In a restorative approach. According to Zehr research this approach emphasize to put the wrong things in a right place by following inclusive processes and involving each and every stakeholder (Zehr, 2001). So crime can be corrected if the harm done is repaired (Johnstone, 2004). According to a research in order to repair the harm the five steps are required. These are compensation, stakeholder satisfaction, relationship construction and the prevention of crime to occur again. This repair is a part of the social exchange. In this the community along with the victim and the stake holders are involved so as to correct the harm done. The ones who have a history of unemployment are more prone to do crime and economic so providing them employment ca keep them away from doing crime again and again. All this also cause a economic harm to the community in case if the number of former prisoners become high. The act of imprisonment impose a wage penalty to the lifetime earning of the former prisoner. So giving an en offender a salary serve to address the harm that the community has to pay in the years of imprisonment. In this way the ex offender can again become and entity and would help in human capital. The offender now can stand up alone and say he can offer something to the nation and he/she is on his/her own now. The reinforcement and the restoration process involves all the steps to make an ex offender guilty and to arouse positive character aspects in them. So, it can be said this approach of employment can be seen as a way of solving the problem and making the ex offenders a better member of the community. It has also been shown to influence deeply the recidivism of the ex offenders. The restorative approach which is followed under this can be seen as a more advance view of approaching the subject and providing a more competent solution. The process all together is a long one but if followed appropriately can be a advantage to the victim and the society. References: Archilles, M. and Zehr, H. (2001). Restorative Justice for Crime Victims: The Promise, The Challenge, in G. Bazemore and M. Schiff (Eds.) Restorative and Community Justice: Repairing Harm and Transforming Communities. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson. Blessett, B., Pryor, M. (2013). The invisible job seeker: the absence of ex-offenders in discussion of diversity management. Public Administration Quarterly, 37(3), Garner, B. A. et al. (2004). Blacks Law Dictionary (Eighth Edition) St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. Johnstone, (2004) How, and in What Terms, Should Restorative Justice be Conceived? in H. Zehr and B. Toews. Critical Issues in Restorative Justice. (pp. 5-15). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press and Cullompton, Devon, UK: Willan Publishing. Kilgore, J. (2012). Mass Incarceration and Working Class Interest: Which Side Are the Unions On? Labor Studies Journal, 37(4).

Dyslexia free essay sample

Dyslexia is a broad terminology defining an unusual approach to processing information and learning disability that impairs a persons fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, processing speed, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, language skills/verbal comprehension, and/or rapid naming. However dyslexia can increase the ability to think and perceive multi-dimensionally and can help further utilize the brain’s ability to alter and create perceptions (Vellutino, 1979). Dyslexia is different from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate reading instruction. It is believed that dyslexia can affect between 5 and 10 percent of a given population although there have been no studies to indicate an accurate percentage (Vellutino, 1979). There are three proposed cognitive subtypes of dyslexia (auditory, visual and attentional), although individual cases of dyslexia are better explained by specific underlying neuropsychological deficits and co-occurring learning disabilities (e. g. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, math disability, etc. ) Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. Although it is considered to be a receptive language-based learning disability in the research literature, dyslexia also affects ones expressive language skills. Adult dyslexics can read with good comprehension, but they tend to read more slowly than non-dyslexics and perform more poorly at spelling and nonsense word reading, a measure of phonological awareness. Dyslexia and IQ are not interrelated as a result of cognition developing on its own. The World Federation of Neurology defines dyslexia as a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and sociocultural opportunity†. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke gives the following definition for dyslexia: â€Å"Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a persons ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with spelling, phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds), and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. In adults, dyslexia usually occurs after a brain injury or in the context of dementia. It can also be inherited in some families and recent studies have identified a number of genes that may predispose an individual to developing dyslexia (Vellutino, 1979). Other published definitions are purely descriptive or embody causal theories. Varying definitions are used for dyslexia from researchers and organizations around the world; it appears that this disorder encompasses a number of reading skills, deficits and difficulties with a number of causes rather than a single condition (Smythe, Everatt amp;Salter). Signs and symptoms Some early symptoms that correlate with a later diagnosis of dyslexia include delays in speech, letter reversal or mirror writing, and being easily distracted by background noise. This pattern of early distractibility is partially explained by the co-occurrence of dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Although each disorder occurs in approximately 5% of children, 25-40% of children with either dyslexia or ADHD meet criteria for the other disorder. At later ages symptoms can include a difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words (phonological awareness), a difficulty segmenting words into individual sounds, or blending sounds to make words, a difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems (see anomic aphasia), commonly very poor spelling, which has been called dysorthographia or dysgraphia (orthographic coding), whole-word guesses, and tendencies to omit or add letters or words when writing and reading are considered classic signs. Other classic signs for teenagers and adults with dyslexia include trouble with summarizing a story, memorizing, reading aloud, and learning a foreign language. A common misconception about dyslexia is that dyslexic readers write words backwards or move letters around when reading  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this only occurs in a very small population of dyslexic readers. Individuals with dyslexia are better identified by reading accuracy, fluency, and writing skills that do not seem to match their level of intelligence from prior observations (Smythe, Everatt amp; Salter, 2005). Cause Theories of dyslexia Research has been trying to find the biological root of dyslexia since it was first identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881 and the term dyslexia coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin. The theories of the etiology of dyslexia have and are evolving with each new generation of dyslexia researchers, and the more recent theories of dyslexia tend to enhance one or more of the older theories as understanding of the nature of dyslexia evolves. (wikipedia. org) Orthographies and dyslexia The complexity of a languages orthography (i. . its conventional spelling system, see orthographic depth  ) has a direct impact upon how difficult it is to learn to read that language. English has a comparatively deep orthography within the Latin alphabet writing system, with a complex orthographic structure that employs spelling patterns at several levels: principally, letter-sound correspondences, syllables, and morphemes. Other languages, such as Spanish, have mostly alphabetic orthogr aphies that employ letter-sound correspondences, so-called shallow orthographies. It is relatively easy to learn to read languages like Spanish; it is much more difficult to learn to read languages with more complex orthographies such as English (Henry, 2005). Logographic writing systems, notably Japanese and Chinese characters, have graphemes that are not linked directly to their pronunciation, which pose a different type of dyslexic difficulty. From a neurological perspective, different types of writing systems (e. g. lphabetic as compared to logographic writing systems) require different neurological pathways in order to read, write, and spell. Because different writing systems require different parts of the brain to process the visual notation of speech, children with reading problems in one language might not have a reading problem in a language with a different orthography. The neurological skills required to perform the tasks of reading, writing, and spelling can vary between different writing systems. As a result, different neurological deficits can cause dyslexic problems in relation to different orthographies (Chung, Ho, Chan, Tsang, amp; Lee, 2006). Cross-cultural prevalence Cross-cultural study of the prevalence of dyslexia is difficult as different scholars and different countries often use different criteria to distinguish the cases of dyslexia in the continuum between the able and delayed readers at schools. According to the existing literature, the prevalence of dyslexia can vary widely between cultures. For example, Christall reports differences between 1% and 33%. According to some researchers, despite the significant differences between the writing systems, Italian, German and English populations suffer similarly from dyslexia. Wikipedia . org Exacerbating conditions and comorbid disorders Several learning disabilities often occur with dyslexia, but it is unclear whether these learning disabilities share underlying neurological causes with dyslexia (Nicolson amp;Fewcett, 2009). These disabilities include: * Dysgraphia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a disorder which expresses itself primarily through writing or typing, although in some cases it may also affect eye–hand coordination, direction- or sequence-oriented processes such as tying knots or carrying out a repetitive task. In dyslexia, dysgraphia is often multifactorial, due to impaired letter writing automaticity, finger motor sequencing challenges, organizational and elaborative difficulties, and impaired visual word form which makes it more difficult to retrieve the visual picture of words required for spelling. Dysgraphia is distinct from dyspraxia in that dyspraxia is simply related to motor sequence impairment. * Attention deficit disorder  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a high degree of co-morbidity has been reported between ADD/ADHD and dyslexia/reading disorders, it occurs in between 12% and 24% of those with dyslexia. [11] * Auditory processing disorder  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A condition that affects the ability to process auditory information. Auditory processing disorder is a listening disability. [58] It can lead to problems with auditory memory and auditory sequencing. Many people with dyslexia have auditory processing problems and may develop their own logographic cues to compensate for this type of deficit. Auditory processing disorder is recognized as one of the major causes of dyslexia. * Developmental dyspraxia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A neurological condition characterized by a marked difficulty in carrying out routine tasks involving balance, fine-motor control, kinesthetic coordination, difficulty in the use of speech sounds, problems with short-term memory and organization are typical of dyspraxia. Neuroanatomy In the area of neurological research into dyslexia, modern neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have produced clear evidence of structural differences in the brains of children with reading difficulties. It has been found that people with dyslexia have a deficit in parts of the left hemisphere of the brain involved in reading, which includes the inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and middle and ventral temporal cortex(Cao et. l. ,2006). Brain activation studies using PET to study language have produced a breakthrough in understanding of the neural basis of language over the past decade. A neural basis for the visual lexicon and for auditory verbal short-term memory components have been proposed, with some implication that the observed neural manifestation of developmental dyslexia is task-specific (i. e. , functional rather than structural) (McCrory, Frith, Brunswick amp; Price, 2009). Dealing with dyslexia depends on several factors. Such as the specific writing system of the country, or the specific strengths of the individual; there is no one specific strategy or set of strategies which will work for all who have dyslexia There have been several special education approaches to help students with dyslexia. Adaptive technology, such as specialized computer software, has resulted in recent innovations helpful to many people with dyslexia. In this field there are several alternate therapies that are suggested for dyslexics. One factor that characterizes the field of dyslexia remediation is the stream of alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities. These controversial treatments include nutritional supplements, special diets, homeopathy, and osteopathy/chiropractic manipulation. (Bull, 2008) | Most teaching is geared to remediating specific areas of weakness, such as addressing difficulties with phonetic decoding by providing phonics-based tutoring. Some teaching is geared to specific reading skill areas, such as phonetic decoding; whereas other approaches are more comprehensive in scope, combining techniques to address basic skills along with strategies to improve comprehension and literary appreciation. Many programs are multisensory in design, meaning that instruction includes visual, auditory, and kinesthetic or tactile elements; as it is generally believed that such forms of instruction are more effective for dyslexic learners. Despite claims of some programs to be research based, there is very little empirical or quantitative research supporting the use of any particular approach to reading instruction as compared to another when used with dyslexic children (Connor et al. 2007). Torgesen (2004) emphasized the importance of explicit instruction for remediation as well as the need for intensity that is completely different from regular classroom instruction. To make gains in reading, students need highly structured, sequential interactive activities and close monitoring, directly connecting the known with the new, with sufficient time for practice of new skills to build automaticity. . Dyslexia interventions Some teaching is geared to specific reading skill areas, such as phonetic decoding; whereas other approaches are more comprehensive in scope, combining techniques to address basic skills along with strategies to improve comprehension and literary appreciation. Many programs are multisensory in design, meaning that instruction includes visual, auditory, and kinesthetic or tactile elements; as it is generally believed that such forms of instruction are more effective for dyslexic learners (Henry, 1998). | In 2007 the researchers Joseph Torgesen and Richard Wagner have shown that, when teaching children with reading disabilities, programs including systematic and explicit instruction in phoneme awareness and grapheme-phoneme correspondence are far more successful than programs that do not(Wolf,2007). Academic remediations With appropriate instruction, dyslexics can become skilled readers. Appropriate remedial instruction includes using: * Direct, explicit and comprehensive instruction in the structure of language * A systematic sequence for teaching individual skills Structured information from the simple to the complex * Simultaneous multisensory approaches, including combinations of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic modalities * Interaction between student and teacher during instruction of new skills * Reinforcement throughout the day of newly learned skills * Integrated spelling and handwriting instruction sequence with reading instruction, so that they are mutually reinforcing * Ex tended practice for each skill until the student overlearns the skill * Ongoing review of previously learned skills * Careful pacing to avoid information overload Intensive instruction until reading, spelling and writing skills are at grade level. * Repeated reading to help develop fluency and reading rate * Paired reading to help develop fluency and enhance comprehension (Heward, 2003). Classroom accommodations Although there are no treatments or quick cures for dyslexia there are many techniques that can be used to assist dyslexic students in the classroom while reading skills are being remediated. These include such things as: * Oral testing * Untimed tests * Eliminate or reduce spelling tests * Minimizing the need to read out loud * Accept dictated homework Reduce homework load * Grade on content, not spelling nor handwriting * Reduce copying tasks * Avoid or reduce essay tests * Providing teacher handouts to supplement the notes taken * Using materials that are not visually ove rcrowded * To increase motivation, giving assignments in areas in which the student has a strong interest, for example, sports stories, biographies of inventors or rock musicians, or fiction about teenage issues. * Using appropriate font type and size. It is suggested that Sassoon and Comic Sans may be the easiest to read; Times New Roman may be one of the most difficult to read. The font should not be too small. There are several fonts and typefaces designed for dyslexia including Gill Dyslexic, Read Regular, Lexia Readable, Sylexiad, OpenDyslexic, and Dyslexie. (Alphabet writing systems only)(wikipedia. org). Recent developments Context amp; phonetic spell checkers and grammar checkers combined with text-to-speech and other assistive technologies aimed for help with dyslexia, such as Ghotit Dyslexia software, aim to make writing easier (speedchange. blogspot. com). Individuals with dyslexia require more practice to master skills in their areas of deficit. In the circumstances where typically developing children need 30 to 60 hours training, the number of hours that has resulted in optimistic conclusions concerning the remediation of dyslexia is between 80 and 100 hours, or less if the intervention is started sufficiently early. Only approximately 20% of adults with early reading difficulties have acquired fluent reading skills in adulthood (Lyytinen et. al, 2007). Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have shown neurological changes in dyslexic children and adults who have used phonological interventions, with improved performance on tests of phonemic awareness and text decoding. MRI studies have also shown changes in the brain and spelling improvement of dyslexic children taught spelling phonetically in an orthographic manner (Dahms, 2006). A recent study has shown that the usage of a FM system drives neural plasticity in children with dyslexia. A FM system is a personal assistive listening device, consisting of a wireless microphone worn by the teacher, and a wireless receiver similar to a Bluetooth receiver worn on the ears by the pupil. Measurements of the brain’s response to speech sounds showed that the children who wore the device for one year responded more consistently to the very soft and rapidly changing elements of sounds that help distinguish one consonant from another (cat, bat, pat etc. ). That improved stability was linked with reading improvement based on standardized measures of readability – which, as a long-term benefit, points to brain plasticity (Hornickel, Zecker, Bradow amp; Kraus, 2012). 1. Bottom of Form REFERENCES 21 What Is Dyslexia? Education Research Foundation. Retrieved May, 2013 48 Henry, M K. 2005). The history and structure of the English language. Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. 16 Chung KK, Ho CS, Chan DW, Tsang SM, Lee SH (2010). Cognitive profiles of Chinese adolescents with dyslexia. Dyslexia 16 (1): 2–23 54 Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ (2009). Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebel lum. Cortex 47 (1): 117–27. 79 Cao F, Bitan T, Chou TL, Burman DD, Booth JR ( 2006). Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation pattern. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 47 (10): 1041–50. 81 McCrory E, Frith U, Brunswick N, Price C (2000). Abnormal functional activation during a simple word repetition task: A PET study of adult dyslexics. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (5): 753–62. Bull L (2008). Survey of complementary and alternative therapies used by children with specific learning difficulties (dyslexia). Int J Lang Commun Disord 44 (2): 1. Connor, C. M. D. ; Morrison, F. J. ; Fishman, B. J. ; Schatschneider, C. ; Underwood, P. (2007). The early years: Algorithm-guided individualized reading instruction. Science 315 (5811): 464–5. Henry, M. K. (1998). Structured, sequential, multisensory teaching: the Orton legacy. Annals of Dyslexia 48: 3–26. 4 Wolf, Maryanne (2007). Proust and the Squid. HarperCollins publishers. 16 speedchange. blogspot. com/2008/02/ghotit. html 18 Lyytinen, Heikki, Erskine, Jane, Aro, Mikko, Richardson, Ulla (2007). Reading and reading disorders. Blackwell Handbook of Language Development. Blackwell. pp. 454–474. 21 Dahms, Joel. (2006). Spelling Out Dyslexia. Northwest Science amp; Technology Hornickel, J. , Zecker, S. G. , Bradlow, A. R. , amp; Kraus, N. (2012). Assistive listening devices drive neuroplasticity in children with dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(41), 16731-16736. Vellutino, F. R. (1979). Dyslexia: Theory and research (pp. 74-81). Cambridge, MA: MIT press. Smythe, I. , Everatt, J. , amp; Salter, R. (2005). The international book of dyslexia: A guide to practice and resources. Wiley. Torgesen, J. K. (2004). Preventing early reading failure. American Educator, 28(3), 6-9.

Russian Accounting Essays - Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Russian Accounting The previous Russian accounting standards are still being used and creating much turmoil today. Financial statements are inaccurate turning profits into losses and changing losses into earnings (vice versa). One issue covered in the article was the strict enforcement of laws. The soviet central planners don't give accountants enough freedom for them to think for themselves. Instead of allowing accountants to set depreciation rates according to real wear and tear the state publishes a book dictating the life span of everything from wooden chairs to tools. Another issue covered in the article was the banking problems in the Russian nation. Russian banks keep obsolete equipment on their books for a long period. The Central Bank is attempting to change this and is pressuring the banks to disclose the true state of their finances. The two issues discussed in the article give the idea of a big cultural characteristic of the Russian nation. The use and understanding of Hofstede's chart was a useful resource when reading the article. The use of statutory control was clearly evident. As well as the use of secrecy for their financial statements and banking system was easily understood. Business Reports

Quick Saponification of Methyl Salicylate Reaction

Quick Saponification of Methyl Salicylate Reaction Making your own soap can be a time-consuming process, but you can demonstrate the saponification reaction quickly and easily by reacting oil of wintergreen and sodium hydroxide to make sodium salicylate. This takes mere minutes. Key Takeaways: Saponification of Oil of Wintergreen Saponification is the chemical reaction that produces soap. However, it can be used to form other useful compounds.Oil of wintergreen can be reacted with sodium hydroxide to yield sodium salicylate. The reaction is a saponification.Sodium salicylate is used as an aspirin alternative. Ingredients All you need is the strong base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and oil of wintergreen. Oil of wintergreen is easiest to find online. Oil of wintergreen2 M sodium hydroxideBeakers or test tubes How to Perform a Quick  Saponification of Methyl Salicylate Reaction This demonstration is about as easy as it gets! First, get your materials together.Pour 2M sodium hydroxide into the oil of wintergreen, while stirring.Sodium salicylate will be formed by the saponification reaction. It will appear as a thick white solid.Here is the reaction: HOC6H4COOCH3 NaOH → HOC6H4COO-Na CH3OH Tips for Success Oil of wintergreen is methyl salicylate. If you have difficulty finding it under one name, then try the other.This demonstration is intended to be performed by persons with training in the handling and use of chemicals. Proper safety precautions must be used, particularly when handling NaOH.

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Paper Essay

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Paper - Essay Example These strategies are developed to increase motivation and work performance of the employees. Strong relationship of company with its organizational members is build by putting many efforts. Good relationship helps to satisfy all the staffs of the company. It facilitates the firm to retain its employees. Strategies in this case are designed by considering employees needs and requirements. In this case study, as a new product development manager I have to implement strategies for improving the condition of my uncle’s business. In my uncle’s business employees play an important role in organizational growth and success. Therefore maintaining a good relationship with them is an important responsibility of the company. Strategies of the company need to be decided according to that. As a product development project leader I have joined my uncle’s business. The company is into mid size manufacturing business. Presently the business condition is very bad. Employees and other organizational members are not satisfying with business functions. I mainly handle operational activities of the company. I have analyzed the company’s situation and have come to the conclusion that revenue of the organization has significantly dropped in past few years. The organizational members of this business did not implement any new ideas in business operation and development process. There is no such project manager present to manage and look after the works of various projects. As a result business functions are not executed properly. Project leaders were there but they left the company because of serious conflict with their supervisors and managers. For all of these reason employees are getting de-motivated in this company and this leads to deterioration of the company . My uncle’s business needs to be organized in an effective way so that the company develops a strong relationship with its

Yundi Li's piano concert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Yundi Li's piano concert - Essay Example The paper tells that Yundi has a very fantastic interpretation and recreation of the Scherzi. This may be the first time that the ‘chopin humour’ is heard in any of these pieces. Yundi is also keen on giving the much needed emphasis to the left-hand, where one only wonders, isn’t it just amazing that someone can actually play in this way? Then in comes the Liszt Sonata. The Liszt Sonata is among the best recordings ever. Yundi gives it justice with his amazing skill and passion. It is now evident that Yundi is not just any other virtuoso. Yundi is impressed by the amazing and shattering way especially on the emotional part of the piece, at that point where Liszt struggled with his other side character. Yundi’s mastery of every subtle nuance for each lyrical part of these pieces in music is just amazing as it is not often heard from other artists. There are also smooth transitions from one theme to the other, and the audience is seen to be obviously moved an d is in sync with the performance, where you get yourself asking, is there going be Liszt’B Minor Sonata better than this? Yundi is seen to be one of very deep feeling as he plays, as it is not always, that’s one will find a pianist gets immersed very deeply in the music during their performance. We can say that music flows out of his fingers and in a very natural way which results in such a very deep feeling. As a gifted young artist, Yundi Li, uniquely distinguished from most his contemporaries by his ability to put a personal stamp on each work, and putting eccentricity to very fine detail. He is an inspirational artist that is keen on delivering performances of equal and standard quality, outlining different circumstances. Skill is portrayed in the first Scherzo as he plays with controlled wild abandon that matches its temperament. There are very slim chances of none of hearing another performance which so clearly risks everything for the inspiration of a moment. T he same can be seen from the three Scherzi that follow. He plays with the equal heroism of the second and is balanced more by the brooding character seen in the third, and the fourth which is slightly lighter. The Liszt Sonata which is mighty and greatly difficult to control is brought to its knees as Yundi plays it with such amazing virtuosity, which he combines with such breathtaking sensitivity. The Liszt seems to break under its great length and its varying mood swings, which later starts to grow in its stature as it goes on. It is not surprising that by now the audience grows ecstatic as it responds to the now built unforgettable event. One

How would the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act come in toplay in terms of Essay

How would the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act come in toplay in terms of Globalized Ethics - Essay Example ell as organizations residing within the US or in any other country from paying or accepting bribes from foreign nationals in return for governmental favors or in order to expedite a particular process. This provision also applies to foreign firms and nationals residing within the US and who are caught in the act of bribery. The act includes issuers whose securities are registered in the US even of the person or the organization is outside the US territory (Osajda, 2010; Glynn, Kobrin & Naim, n.d; Foreign Corrupt Practices Act). Thus the FCPA has a broad reach both within and outside the US and is striving to bring an end to corruption on the global front. The main focus of the act is the purpose for which the money is being transacted. While the act does not interfere with payments made for undertaking routine governmental duties, it imposes heavy fines on those who indulge in corruption (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act). In order to prohibit such illegal laundering of money in other world countries the US appealed to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to issue a recommendation on anti-bribery to its constituent countries. Though the move was initially opposed by the Germans, French and British, it has over the years gained support from these countries who have also adopted suitable measures to combat bribery within their countries. In addition adopting legislative measures to prohibit bribery the OECD has further taken several initiatives to urge countries around the word to pass laws on criminalization of bribery that would help them to achieve zero-tolerance against corruption (Glynn, Kobrin & Naim, n.d). 2. Glynn, P., Kobrin, S. J., & Moises Naim. (n.d). The Globalization of Corruption. Institute for International Economics, Publications. Retrieved Jan 8, 2013, from

Sibling rivalry and birth order

Sibling rivalry and birth order SIBLING RIVALRY AND BIRTH ORDER INTRODUCTION Sibling rivalry and the power of birth order are as alive today as it was in the Old Testament, even though there have been many centuries between the time of the Old Testament and today. While birth order doesnt cause sibling rivalry by itself, the fact of the matter is that it can definitely affect sibling rivalry (Parenting Magazine). What follows is a comparison between siblings in the age of the Old Testament with siblings of the world today. This study will demonstrate that the centuries have done little to produce substantial change or progress. Todays siblings continue to struggle in their efforts to get past jealousy, resolve conflict and fulfill their desire for power. Sibling Rivalry and the power of birth order are as alive today as it was in the Old Testament. Although there have been years between the Old Testament and todays families episodes of rivalry, there are similar reasons for its prevalence today. While birth order doesnt cause sibling rivalry by itself, the fa ct of the matter is that it can definitely affect sibling rivalry (Parenting Magazine). I want to compare Old Testament siblings with siblings of the world today. I will unfortunately compare there has not been much change or progress through the decades. We still encounter not only sibling rivalry, but also adult, friend, and co-worker rivalry. There seems to have been no improvement in our abilities to get past jealousy, conflict or the need for power in our society. The biggest cause of sibling rivalry in children and in adults is jealousy. It may be that one sibling is moresuccessful in an area, such as their career, than another sibling. Or, it could be that one sibling has more positive experiences in relationships than the other. While competition is not always a bad thing, if one sibling constantly feels as though they are behind their sibling in one way or another it will lead to sibling rivalry. (Parenting magazine) I. BIRTH ORDER A. Firstborn society also places favoritism towards oldest siblings, natural born leaders, rule-conscious, exacting, conservative, organized, responsible, jealous, fearful, high achieving, competitive, high in self-esteem and anxious often pressured to succeed on the other hand, youngest siblings often idolize the first born, putting the first born in a position of leader of the children of the family B. Middle born tends to be forgotten never truly in the spotlight so can be natural mediators they avoid conflict, often have many friends and highly loyal to peer groups they may become a fighter of injustice or they may have trouble finding their place C. Youngest baby of the family, outgoing, entertainer out of all the siblings the youngest has the least aversion to risk often an endearing and delightful friend The study confirmed older siblings had distinct advantages, and that birth order was more important than gender in shaping sibling relations. (Horin) Although the advantages of the older siblings seem to have a proportional advantage to other siblings in todays society, we find that God had favor over the younger siblings. Gods choice of the second born is a recurring theme in the Hebrew Scriptures. The eldest is passed over for the fathers blessing and inheritance, leaving his or her descendants filled with resentment and hatred. We have to wonder though if the birth order of the Old Testament brothers was a factor in their relationships as well. Not much has changed in regards to peoples personalities of greed, vanity, sin and power. Then I would tend to believe that birth order did play a factor in relationships in the Old Testament. II. Cain and Abel In the story of Cain and Abel, Cain was the first son of Adam and Eve. He was a farmer while his brother, Abel, was a shepherd. The two brothers had each brought a sacrifice to God (Genesis 4:3-4). God rejects Cains field offering but has regard for Abels offering of an animal sacrifice (Genesis 4:5). Although both offerings were considered appropriate sacrifices, God was more pleased with Abels. Perhaps he believed Abel had a better heart in his giving than Cain (Genesis 4:7). Cain became angry with Gods favoritism and he killed Abel (Genesis 4:8). God confronted Cain about his brother, judged him, and pronounced a curse upon him, driving him out to the land of Nod, which was east of the Garden of Eden (Genesis 4:9-16). It doesnt state how the two brothers relationships were to each other before this event or the family dynamics with their parents. Genesis does not mention if they were always at odds from earlier days or if it came later after they became adults. But it does show th at even from the onset of time we have had the desire to succeed and be better than the others. It shows how we often displace our anger towards the wrong people too. Because of Cains anger toward God he killed Abel. III. Ishmael and Isaac In the story of Ishmael and Isaac, Ishmael was Abrahams first son. His mother was Hagar, Sarahs Egyptian handmaid. Isaac was the son of Abraham and Sarah his wife. Abraham and Sarah did not have a son to make a great nation of the childless Abraham (Genesis 17:4). Even though God had promised them an heir, Sarah felt that God had restrained her from bearing a child (Genesis 16:1-2) and took matters into her own hands. In unbelief, Sarah offered to Abraham her maid Hagar (Geisler). Hagar was promised a son named Ishmael, meaning God hears, because of her affliction (Genesis 16:9-11). Abraham and Sarah received him as the son of Gods promise. They both laughed in disbelief when the birth of Isaac was announced (Genesis 17:17). God promised to make Ishmael the father of twelve princes, from which would become a great nation. But the covenant would be established with Isaac (Genesis 17:20-21). Believing Ishmael was mocking Isaac she wanted Hagar and Ishmael to be cast out. At the insiste nce of his wife, Abraham expels his Ishmael and his mother Hagar, from his camp after Ishmael behaves inappropriately with his half-brother, Isaac (Genesis 21:9-21). Ishmael married an Egyptian and fathered 12 sons and a daughter. He was the half brother of Isaac and wasEsaus father-in-law.He is also considered the prophet of the Muslims, inheritors of Ishmaels legacy. Once again God favors the second born, Isaac, not Ishmael, inheriting the blessings of the covenant. I do speculate on how things would have possibly been different if Sarah had just trusted God instead of taking matters into her own hands. Even now we try to do the same thing; we forget or fail to keep our trust and faith in God. In regards to Ishmael and Isaac they were born to two different mothers. This undoubtedly made a hedge between them from the onset. Having two different mothers, from two different backgrounds surely made the difference. Even though Abraham loved both of his sons, the mothers of the boys were of two different statuses and backgrounds. The conflict between the mothers had to appear to the sons somewhere during their upbringings. From the very beginning, it would have been hard for harmony to be achieved due to Sarahs jealousy and Hagars different background and the rivalry between the two. I think it is important here to see that the sibling rivalry between the two focused more on the mothers rivalry between each other, than the actual relationship between the sons. It appears that not just personalities between siblings can cause rivalry. But, perhaps rivalry within the family causes rivalry to be imminent between children. We must realize the impact of our actions to our children an d those around us. IV. Esau and Jacob Just as the blessings and promises of God pass from Abraham to Isaac, they must also pass from Isaac to his son. But Isaac had twin sons, Esau and Jacob (Geisler 46). When Abrahams son Isaac was grown he married Rebekah. He pleaded with God that his wife might bear children (Genesis 25:21). The children struggled together within her, when she inquired of God he said that there were two nations in her womb. They shall be separated from your bowels; and the one people shall be stronger than the other people; and the elder shall serve the younger (Genesis 25:22, 23). As a result, she bore twin sons, Esau the hairy one and Jacob supplanter. Jacob was described as grabbing Esaus heels upon birth, as if trying to come out first and become firstborn. Esau became a hunter, and Isaac favored him. Jacob was more of a settler and farmer and was favored by his mother (Genesis 25:24-28). Jacob was also crafty and took advantage of Esaus extreme hunger one day. He bargained with his older brother to exchange his birthright for some lentil stew. Possession of the birthright secured for Jacob a double portion of the inheritance (Genesis 25:28-33). Although Esau was Isaacs favorite son, he displeased his father by marrying two Hittite women who were not descendants of Abraham. This made life extremely difficult for his parents (Genesis 26:34-35). Near the end of his life, when it came time for Isaac to give his blessing on Esau, he is deceived into blessing Jacob instead (Geisler). Rebekah overheard his instructions to Esau. She encouraged Jacob to deceive the blind old man by disguising himself as Esau and taking his brothers blessing. The deception succeeded, and Isaac gave Jacob the blessing of the firstborn. When Esau appeared to receive his blessing he was too late. He was very bitter against Jacob because of what had happened. After this, Esau was so angry that Jacob left for Haran. Twenty years later Esau generously forgave his brother and the brothers were reunited (33:4-16). Two decades later a rich and prosperous Jacob returned with his family. Esau and Jacob finally made peace before Isaac died. Even before they were born Jacob and Esau were in a battle for supremacy. But unlike Ishmael and Isaac they were twins from the same mother. Twins we tend to believe are closer because of similar genes. They are known to act alike and know what each other are feeling or thinking at times it is said. In Jacob and Esaus case this was not true. They seemed to try to battle it out even before birth. During their upbringing we see that their relationships with their parents may have played a role also. Jacob was more favored by this mother and Esau was favored more by his father. I find it interesting to see how the family dynamics of children may be influenced by the favoritism of their parents. Along with their personalities and how children are molded by which parent they are favored by in regards to male or female. V. Joseph and his Brothers Joseph was one of twelve sons of Jacob. He was the first born son of Rachel (Genesis 30:22-24). Jacob also had four sons by Rachaels sister, Leah (Genesis 29:31-35) Leah then bore sons five and six, Issachar and Zebulun, followed by a daughter, Dinah (Genesis 30:14-21). She gave her maid Bilhah to Jacob and Bilhah bore him Dan and Naphtali (Genesis 30:1-8). At this point Leah gave her maid Zilpah to Jacob as a wife. Zilpah brought forth Gad and Asher (Genesis 30:9-13). Joseph was the favorite of his father, since he was the son of Jacobs old age (Genesis 37:3) and the firstborn son of his favorite wife. Because he showed his favoritism so openly that the other sons became jealous of Joseph. Josephs brothers hated him. Plus, Joseph was a bit of a show off and a tattletale, acting as his fathers spy in their eyes. Their jealousy and envy towards Joseph only got worse when Jacob gave Joseph a ground-length, long-sleeved, multicolored robe (Genesis 37:3-4). The animosity of his brothers increased even more when Joseph revealed to them he was having dreams where his brothers would one day bow down before him (Genesis 37:5-11). Because of this, when Jacob sent Joseph to check on his brothers and the flocks near Shechem, his brothers tricked him and sold him to a caravan of traders going down to Egypt (Genesis 37:25-28). Josephs brothers then took his robe, dipped it in goats blood, and brought it back to Jacob, who was overwhelmed with grief (Genesis 37:31-35). Joseph went on to live out his visions from God and attained a high position in Egypt. He eventually faced his brothers again during the famine, and reveals his identity to them (Genesis 42-44). Joseph forgives his brothers after realizing that they will no longer sacrifice a brother for their own means or gains (Genesis 44:18-34). This sho wed Joseph that his brothers were changed men from their past dealings with Joseph. Josephs relationship with his brothers was one of resentment by his brothers a story of tragedy and deception. It shows a group of brothers having sibling rivalry over one brother. The dynamics of the family shows the partiality of Jacob over Joseph in comparison to the other brothers. This favoritism was not hidden by their father and shows the dangers of favoritism and the extent of how dangerous rivalry can become. VI. Amnon and Absalom Amnon was the son of King David and Ahinoam (2 Samuel 3:2). Absalom was the son of King David and his wife Maacah (2 Samuel 3:3). Thus Amnon and Absalom were half-brothers, likeAbrahams sonsIshmaelandIsaac. Absalom was a handsome young prince known for his long, thick hair (2 Samuel 14:25-26). He had a beautiful sister Tamar; Amnon brought shame upon Tamar by forcing himself on her and then refusing to marry her (13:1-20). Absalom allowed his dejected sister to live with him in his house, believing that his father King David would punish Amnon for what he had done. After two years of waiting, Absalom plotted his own revenge after his father did nothing to Amnon for his behavior towards Tamar. Absalom gave a feast for King David and his princes at his estate in the country. King David did not attend, but Amnon did; Absalom got him drunk and then had his servants kill Amnon (2 Samuel 13:26-28). Afraid of King Davids anger, Absalom fled across the Jordan River to King Talmai of Geshur, the father of Absaloms mother (2 Samuel 13:29-39). After three years hiding far away from home, Absalom was called back to Jerusalem by Davids general, Joab. After two years he was back in full favor with the king (2 Samuel 14) and began plotting ways to gain the throne for himself. He worked to make the people think well of him, while also lowering peoples opinion of his father, the king (2 Samuel 15:1-6). Eventually, Absalom planned a rebellion against King David, gathering the people who wanted him to be king together in Hebron. After Ahithophel, one of King Davids wisest counselors, joined Absalom, the prince announced that he was now king. By the time news of Absaloms conspiracy reached him, King David was unable to do anything but flee from Jerusalem (2 Samuel 15). When it finally came down to the battle between King Davids men and Absaloms men, Joab slew Absalom. He found Absalom hanging from an oak tree by his hair and slain him, even though King David had asked that Absalom not be harmed (2 Samuel 18). The story of Amnon and Absalom shows that rivalries often drive people to destroy one another. Amnon and Absalom were like Ishmael and Isaac being of two different mothers also. From early on they were against each other due to Amnons crime against Tamar. In addition, King David showed a pattern of defending his sons even though he knew they had done wrong. He seemed to turn his head at all the wrong times. This may be due to King Davids sins of his past. King David had unwittingly pronounced a fourfold judgment on himself in his responses to Prophet Nathans parable (Geisler 119). I wonder if he had been more of a role model in the sense of not sinning with Bathsheba that it would have changed any outcomes of his sons. The consequences of King Davids sins brought greater sorrow on him than had he died himself (Geisler 119). No matter what his sons had done, as all parents do, he continued to love them in spite of their troubles. How many times have we as parents never realized at the time the influences we have over our children. It is the perfect lesson of the do as I say and not as I do. King David did not act out in hypocrisy, but he did live in a sinful lifestyle at times. Allowing our sinful nature to be so prominent sends a message to our children that its okay. We must be a role model and teacher for all. Summary In summary I believe birth order played a part in each of the sons personalities. Although, Gods plans are more significant than the birth order process, sibling rivalry, family dynamics, or personalities and his plans follow through. . Throughout the Old Testament we see the same characteristics of rivalry, power; desire and resentment come to a head in each of these families. We see anger being taken out on the wrong people, as in Cain and Abel, where the anger was directed toward Abel, instead of God. We read of many forms of deception in several of the Old Testament families. Whether you could say that the oldest had more power than the other siblings, in terms of the personalities and birth order, it did not seem to matter in the end. God had a plan that would be implemented no matter what the circumstances were. Some people trace the hostility between Israeli and Arab to the rivalry between Isaac and Ishmael. Todays bloody disputes over territory spring from Gods promise of a land for his people (Knowles). The tragedy of strained relations between Islamic and Judeo-Christian countries is a part of everyday life. One need only pick up a newspaper or check the news story of the day via television, radio, or internet to learn of the latest violent attack. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, three of the worlds great religions, have their roots in the Middle East. All three religions revere Abraham as a common ancestor. Yet all three have had bloody interchanges throughout history. How and why did Abrahams children become such a dysfunctional family? Where is God in these family feuds? Even if there was a way to get past human characteristics of jealousy, power, conflict and self-centeredness, we would not be able to get past the differences in religious beliefs. When there is no ability for us as a society to come together as a whole then there is no way to rise above the problems.

Frankenstein Today :: essays research papers fc

Is the Technology of Today Ready to Create Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein†? When the novel â€Å"Frankenstein†, by Mary Shelley came out in 1831 the general public was introduced to the idea of man creating another man, scientifically without the use of reproduction. The disasters that followed, in the novel, demonstrated the horrid fact that creating humans was not natural. That was in 1831, when the knowledge of science had not yet evolved enough to act on such an idea. Now as the start of a new millenium approaches, having the capability to scientifically produce one human who is genetically identical to another, or cloning a human, has a lot of people questioning weather or not it is our moral right to do such a thing. It is a classic debate between principles of science and principles of religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The more we know about genetics and the building blocks of life the closer we get to being capable of cloning a human. The study of chromosomes and DNA strains has been going on for years. In 1990, the Unites States Government founded the Human Genome Project (HGP). This program was to research and study the estimated 80,000 human genes and determine the sequences of 3 billion DNA molecules. Knowing and being able to examine each sequence could change how humans respond to diseases, viruses, and toxins common to everyday life. With the technology of today the HGP expects to have a blueprint of all human DNA sequences by the spring of 2000. This accomplishment, even though not cloning, presents other new issues for individuals and society. For this reason the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) was brought in to identify and address these issues. They operate to secure the individuals rights to those who contribute DNA samples for studies. The ELSI, bein g the biggest bioethics program, has to decide on important factors when an individual’s personal DNA is calculated. Such factors would include; who would have access to the information, who controls and protects the information and when to use it? Along with these concerns, the ESLI tries to prepare for the estimated impacts that genetic advances could be responsible for in the near future. The availability of such information is becoming to broad and one needs to be concerned where society is going with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next step after scientists have identified and studied adult DNA would be to copy it.

Autobiographical Piece †My Working Life Essay

I got my first paid job when I was about twelve. I delivered a free paper with a friend, I would do about 400 papers for about seven pounds each, and it had to be done between Thursday and Saturday. Me and Cameron got really close during this as we would talk the whole time about things and become better friends then before. Although the pay wasn’t brilliant for a twelve year old it was really good, most of it went on pokemon cards and stickers, I remember selling my pokemon cards and made a big profit, selling eight cards for ninety pounds with my friends. I did my round with Cameron for about a few months before I got my own round, and did it for about six pounds for just fewer than two hundred papers. I always remember working really hard to get the papers done, occasionally I would do them on Sunday’s which was out of the boundaries but the supervisor never checked so it didn’t matter, I was earning a lot of money which just went on Nintendo games at this point as I had just started my teens. As the months went buy I started to get a bit bored with the round, walkman’s and CD players were getting a bit boring now and couldn’t make the round fun, so I took another round and shared them with Goran, another friend, I became closer to him as we did the round and we then became really good friends. Goran and myself worked hard to deliver all the papers and would spend a few hours a week doing them, for a good few months, then I started to get even more bored with delivering the damn papers that no one read, he left the round, so I kept both, and started putting about half the round under people’s recycle bins. It was actually really clever, I would put the papers in bins where there were other papers the owners had put down to cover them, they would get recycled saving people money and I would be gone just long enough for my mum to think I had actually delivered the round. After a few weeks the ‘dumping’ escalated to a level where I would not deliver any papers sit outside for three quarters of an hour or so (about an hour less then it would take me) reading a book or listening to music. I would try and ‘do’ the round while my mum was out so that I wouldn’t have to bother hanging around outside I could just go straight back home after leaving them in an alley somewhere. I was earning fourteen pounds for about five minutes work, which I thought was the bees knees and so did my friends. I did this for at least six months, until there was knock on the door, when I opened it the paper round supervisor was there staring angrily his car filled with thousands of dirty papers behind him, he said give me the trolley and the bag, you dumped papers, silently I did so, he asked to see my Mum, she was upstairs, but I said she was out, so he turned and left. I was gutted, a bit guilty but a bit pissed off my brilliant money making scheme was over. I decided to be unemployed for a while I was about fourteen and had been working for nearly about two years, so I took a few months off, but then I took up a morning paper round which earned me fifteen pounds, I had to do it every morning about 8am, I got progressively later and later as the round irritated me further, I moved to a larger round which earned me twenty pounds, which was more papers and took longer, after a few months it really started to hurt my back and the early mornings were getting me down, I had stashed away a bit of money so left the round. I did my work experience in early summer of 2002 at the Slough/Windsor Marriott, it took me about an hour to get t here, and I got lost on the first day so was about an hour late, luckily the people there were quite relaxed and didn’t mind, for the first three days I worked in conference and banqueting, which basically involved setting up and cleaning conference rooms, and serving coffee and tea to people in the main conference room. This wasn’t exactly riveting, but for the first time I was actually working with people and the people were so nice that it was impossible not to have fun and enjoy myself. For the other days I worked at the leisure centre reception. I would deal with minor customer problems, clean the exercise machines, the bar in the pool, check toilets are not too dirty, close lockers, fill soap and shampoo pots and the like. I would sign members in and out and take phone calls. They taught me these skills, and were helpful. Like in conference and banqueting, the people at the Leisure Centre were really nice and relaxed and would joke around a lot and made the day fun and not seem much of a chore. Working at The Marriott gave me a really good experience of working, and they did give me a leaving present when I did leave, albeit I was thrown into the pool as my present, it was all good fun. After I left the Marriott I resumed a morning paper round, this time from a different closer shop with a nicer owner who was a bit more lenient, I did this round for a few months, until the shop closed down but another took shop took the round so I left for them and got a slight raise to twenty two pounds. I quit the round in early summer, and took a job in a travel agent delivering leaflets for 3 pounds an hour, I soon quit and got a job in a butchers. It was not difficult to get my job at the butchers, I saw a sign advertising in the window, I went in, said is the job still available, and got it, with the only questions asked being can you work Thursday, Friday, Saturday and can you start this Thursday, oh and what’s your name, I barely remembered to ask the wage, which was thirty five pounds a week for around nine hours, which wasn’t too bad I thought. I don’t really remember the first month or so of my work except it was quite hard work and I used to not come in at least one day a week, and they made jokes out of it, and made lots of jokes about everything which made a nice working atmosphere. I remember my excuses running out for why I was taking days off, but after a month or two I really started to enjoy working there. I sort of clicked with two of the butchers sense of humour and we had a really good laugh, they would give me more responsibility although I wasn’t allowed to cut meat I would prepare kebabs, burgers, cooked foods, and make shop look tidy as well as wash up and do general cleaning. The shop sold all sorts and was a delicatessen as well as butchers, and I would get a large discount there and the produce was of very high quality, which pleased my Mum obviously. I started to enjoy working at the butchers, I would work four or five days a week, earning around one hundred pounds regularly, I would meet with the owner of the chain and go to the bank to pick up money for the tills, and got to know some of the customers. The butchers and me would have great fun joking around and insulting the other butcher who no one liked. I had many barbecues with my friends with the stuff I got from there, but after six months I moved house and the butchers was just too far away especially with the beginning of college, and so I left as I started college. I go back and visit the butchers occasionally and they still give me discount and lots of free things, and we still laugh and have a good time. We got discount from our local fruit and veg shop too because the fruit and veg people did at the butchers. I would advise you to go to work at some time in your young life, try and get a job with people and make sure the people are nice and are quite lenient with the hours and you should have a great time.

Sordaria Fimicola Lab Report Essays

Sordaria Fimicola Lab Report Essays Sordaria Fimicola Lab Report Paper Sordaria Fimicola Lab Report Paper The model, Sardinia familial, reproduces wrought the process of Meiosis and their chromosomes cross over in Prophesy I (Stern). S. Familial have different crossover frequencies between the slopes in Evolution Canyon; there are higher crossover frequencies on the SF compared to the NFG. One possible explanation of this outcome is the harsh conditions on the South side causing an increase in crossing over. To prove if climate conditions really did have an effect on crossover, we controlled the conditions in lab on common lab strains of dark and tan Sardinia. Having lab strains of Sardinia familial makes it a good model organism because it has a short life cycle, reduces fruiting bodies, and its easy to keep alive. The defining characteristic of the phylum Somatic is the production of four to eight sexual spores in a sac-like cell called an caucus (Lamb). As stated before, S. Familial reproduces through Meiosis where crossover occurs in Prophesy I. The process of meiosis can cause three patterns to arise in ASCII; a 4:4 pattern has four black spores and four tan spores next to each other. This occurs when there is no cross over between the different strains. A and pattern result from crossover; the set patterns are determined through Meiosis. As soon as Meiosis II is complete and there are four daughter cells in the caucus, the pattern is determined. Mitosis is the final step in completing the process; at the end of meiosis, the four daughter cells divide to produce a total of eight spores. There are five research questions we are trying to answer. What are the challenges in the procedure for mating the different strains? What are the challenges in preparing squashes of peripatetic for scoring ASCII? What evidence demonstrates crossing over has occurred? What is the crossover frequency under optimal growth conditions? And what is the map distance? I will be referring to these questions throughout this report to better our understanding of the labs purpose. In this experiment, we placed four agar blocks from Sardinia on a mating plate. The two different strains, tan and wild type, were alternated so no like strain was next to each other. We placed a lid on the plate and let it incubate for two weeks at room temperature to allow the fungi to reproduce and recombine with the strain next to it. Once finished incubating, we collected samples from one of the lines of black dots between the gars. We put the samples on a microscope slide o score peripatetic squashes by looking for caucus sacs containing black and tan spores. The crossover frequencies of Type A (4:4) for the combined course data were 6,358; Type B ASCII were 05 ASCII, and Type C ASCII were 4,908. Overall, there were a greater number of non-recombinant. Materials and Methods The experiment started through obtaining a mating plate that was divided with a marker into four sections. The quadrants were labeled Tan and Wild Type, making sure no same label was next to each other. The working surface was cleaned and two small squares of agar were cut with a cleaned razor blade room the first strain and two small squares of agar from the second strain. The tan and black strains were placed under the correct label on the plate so the same strain was not next to each other. The plate was covered up with a lid and the agar blocks were left to incubate for two weeks at room temperature. After the incubation period was complete, a line of black dots appeared along the dividing lines on the plate. The squashes were prepared by using an inoculating loop to scrape peripatetic from the center of one of the dividing lines. A sample from the dividing lines was placed on a microscope slide and a drop of water as added followed by a coveralls. A pencil eraser was used to release the ASCII from the peripatetic by pushing down on the coveralls. Under the microscope, the ASCII were observed and recorded to find recombination patterns. The total number of recombinant of Type B ASCII and Type C ASCII was divided by the total amount of the recombinant and non-recombinant counted. The percentage was calculated by multiplying the previous answer by 100. The map distance was found by dividing the percent of the crossovers by 2 because each crossover produced two spores identical to the parents and two spores that resulted from he crossover. Results Table 1. Caucus Scored Non-recombinant # of Type A ASCII (44) Recombinant Total # of ASCII Total # Recombinant ASCII # of Type B # of Type C Class Data 159 125 136 420 261 Section Data 6,358 5,105 4,908 16,371 10,013 Table 2. Crossover Frequencies Frequency of Recombinant ASCII Frequency of Type B ASCII Frequency of Type C ASCII Ratio B/C Data 62. % 29. 7% 32. 4% . 92 61. 2% 31. 2% 1. 04 (egg Figure 1) Figure 1 is one of the many ASCII groups found of recombinant and non- recombinant under a microscope of xx. The eight ASCII circled in red presents a pattern of crossover between the spore color gene and the centimeter. Crossing over occurred between the spore color and the centimeter due to the evidence of the 2:4:2 a nd 2:2:2:2 ASCII patterns found in groups similar to Figure 1. This group of ASCII is not a good representation of recombinant, but it gives an idea of what we saw when we searched for the recombinant. The evidence we obtained from Figure 1 and other groups similar to Figure 1 prove that crossover has occurred between the wild type and tan Sardinia. In the class data, there were 125 Type B recombinant and 136 Type C recombinant cored. Since a total of 420 recombinant and non-recombinant ASCII were found, the crossover frequency of the class data is 62. 1% because we divided the total number of recombinant with the total number of ASCII. The map distance can be calculated as followed: Class: 62. 1%/2=31. 05 units Section: 61. 2%/2=30. Units. This is the distance between the centimeter and its gene from where it crossed over. Discussion This experiment helped to further the understanding of reproduction in Sardinia familial under certain environmental conditions by observing the three types of spaceports patterns. S. Familial reproduced through Meiosis under minimal light and room temperature, creating an assortment of offspring. Two of the spaceports patterns produced are recombinan t, 2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2, therefore proving crossover occurred, shown in Table 1 . Above in Table 2, the recombinant percent frequency of crossover is just over 61% and the map distance is around 30 units. Due to this percentage, believe crossover occurs more often in a certain environment because the percentage frequency is more than 50%. The high crossover frequency reflects map distance; the greater the frequency of combination between two genes, the farther apart they are assumed to be. The lower the frequency, the smaller the distance is between them (Salem). Since map distance can only go up to 50 units, our 30-unit map distance is more than half of the chromosome. This causes me to believe a lot of cross over happened during the two weeks of incubation. More than half of the ASCII found were crossed over, which causes me to believe Sardinia to has a high amount genetic variation. An organism whose offspring is genetically distinct increases the chances of survival (Salem). Would say S. Nicola has a good chance of reproducing and thriving with the amount of recombinant found during lab. From the results, I conclude the room temperature and minimal light in lab affected the outcome of crossover frequency in Meiosis. Some challenges did arise during the lab. One issue we faced was the difficulty of placing the agar in the plate; it kept sticking to the razor blade because it was so sticky. Eventually, the agar were placed in the correct positions, it just took awhile to get them there. The other issue occurred during incubation, which caused a lot of the class Sardinia to be unusable, so groups had to share the usable Sardinia. My Sardinia was one of the ones deemed unusable; therefore I had to share another groups Sardinia. Was surprised to find some differences in the class and section data of recombinant. In the class data, there were more Type C ASCII than Type B and a 62. 1 % crossover frequency, but in the section data, there were more Type B ASCII than Type C and a 61. 2% crossover frequency. Its surprising to me how the number of ASCII types in the class and section data were not consistent. I would have assumed there would either be more of Type B or Type C in both analyses. What I find even more surprising is that despite the differences in recombinant amounts, the percentage crossovers are similar. Because the two pieces of data backed each other up, this could mean that S. Nicola has a crossover percentage around 60% if the growth conditions are room temperature and minimal light. When discovering crossover frequencies were consistent between the class and section, the percentages werent exactly equal to one another. This could possibly be the result of experimental errors. For instance, when scoring the ASCII, I found it difficult to keep track of the ASCII combinations I al ready found. There could have been combination patterns counted more than once on the same microscope slide, resulting in inaccurate data. In future experiments, I would recommend to somehow make aware of the ASCII groups already counted for to be sure the patterns wont get counted multiple times. Taking a photograph or drawing a picture of ASCII groups would be helpful. To back up the results of the experiment, the lab could be performed again, but differently. For future labs, more data should be collected. Adding more ASCII to the experiment would prove results to be more reliable. A higher amount of data will always have titer, more accurate results because there is more consistency of patterns. With more data, the process is more understood. Another alteration of the experiment could be changing the temperature and lighting during the incubation period. The temperature could be made cooler to resemble the North Facing Side of Evolution Canyon to prove the correlation of lower crossover frequencies with a lower temperature (Grabbed). Another possibility would be to make the conditions similar to the South Facing Slope by raising the temperature and increasing the light. Based off the current results, I would assume the crossover would be much higher with an increase in temperature and lighting. The experiment of S. Familial in the lab manual provided evidence that the environment on the South Facing Side causes more cross over between strains. Due to the fact the SF has more light and has a high temperature, I would think lab Sardinia could have an increase in crossover with brighter light and higher heat. This experiment involving Sardinia familial increases the understanding of how it responds to its environment through sexual reproduction. Lamb, Bernard. Inherited and Environmentally Induced

The Mighty Pen Persuasive Writing

The Mighty Pen Persuasive Writing The Mighty Pen: Persuasive Writing It’s said, â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† To be sure, many heroes across the ages have inspired quiet revolutions with little more than words. Countless writers have impacted readers with their gift. Writing is a powerful tool for conveying thoughts, defending ideas, and persuading audience. What Comprises Persuasive Writing Persuasive writing is a serious form of writing about a debatable topic. Writing persuasively requires that you have a strong idea for which you are fighting. Persuasive writing benefits: Lawyers Politicians Activists Researchers Forms of Persuasive Writing While you often find persuasive pieces in the editorial sections of newspapers or magazines, they can also take the form of: Essays Research Papers Presentations Speeches Tips for Persuasive Writing: Choose a Stance When writing a persuasive piece, make your message clear so readers know the side you’re taking. Flip-flopping your stance create audience mistrust. Choose a side and defend it with well-researched facts. Rely on Facts Even if you are defending an opinion, it must be an educated one, based on hard truths. Find scientific studies and academic articles to back up your argument. Look for Credible Sources When choosing facts to support your argument, use credible sources. Quoting paid blogs or outdated research materials will repel those expecting a serious piece of writing. Credible sources of information may include, but are not limited to: Academic journals Official websites of credible institutions Recent peer-reviewed research papers Experts in the field â€Å"Sandwich Techniques† Psychology suggests that people are more likely to remember beginnings and endings, rather than the middle. This is called the â€Å"primacy and recency† effect. The sandwich technique employs this effect. With this approach, strongest arguments are made first and last and less powerful arguments are placed in the middle. This way, you begin and end your piece with strength. Persuasive writing is a science and an art. It requires both technique and grace to craft a piece that can convince a reader. If you’re having trouble creating a persuasive essay, don’t fret. Call at (647) 436-7280 for assistance.

INTERNET MARKETING MANAGEMENT Assignment , Written report Essay

INTERNET MARKETING MANAGEMENT Assignment , Written report - Essay Example A good website is made-up on AIDA model. "A" means, it attracts the consumer. "I" means it creates interest. "D" means it buoys the consumer's desire for the product. Finally the "A" means that it leads to consumer into an action i-e buying the product. Search Engine Marketing (SEM), which is marketing a website online via search engines, either by improving the site's natural (organic) ranking through search engine optimization (SEO), buying pay-per-click (PPC) ads or purchasing pay-for-inclusion (PFI) listings in website directories, which are similar to offline yellow page listings. Email marketing, which is a method of distributing information about a product or service or for soliciting feedback from customers about a product or service through Email. Email addresses of customers and prospective customers may be collected or purchased. Various methods are used, such as the regular distribution of newsletters or mass mailing of offers related to the company's product or services. Email marketing is essentially the online equivalent of direct mail marketing. Blog marketing, which is the act of posting comments, expressing opinions or making announcements in a discussion forum and can be accomplished either by hosting your own blog or by posting comments and/or URLs in other blogs related to your product or service online Article marketing, which involves writing articles related to your business and having them published online on syndicated article sites. These articles then have a tendency to spread around the Internet since the article services permit re-publication provided that all of the links in the article are maintained. Article marketing can result in a traffic boost for your website, and the distribution of syndicated articles can promote your brand to a wide audience. With the passing of time internet marketing is gaining a lot of popularity day-by-day due to its unique feature: Cost-Effective: It's very cheap to set up a site and very little money is needed to maintain it once it has been set up Nowadays every business is going global. The first step to go global is showing your product to the World and internet is the cheapest and reliable way to advertise your product. Ecommerce has resulted in increase in sales for various businesses due to online sales. This encourages the businesses to develop their websites. Internet is a way of obtaining market research data. Websites are used for marketing research and stuff that help businesses develop new products. Websites for comparisons and evaluations: Let's look at the marketing management techniques adopted by Amazon.com

Reaction response12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reaction response12 - Essay Example Video chats offer the opportunity for persons to evaluate sincerity of individuals by evaluating their behavior. However, the major challenge of the online interaction is the inability to understand individuals extensively. Online environment offers a platform for mischief and lies because the interaction is minimal and evaluation of the truthfulness of the information presented cannot be guaranteed in the process. In fact, online platform has opened the opportunity for fraud and mischief because of the ease of hiding the truth and presenting a different self-image (Beverly and Thomson 94). From the episode, the image presented online, and the actual self-image differed significantly. The challenge with the online platform is the challenge of verification of the information present. In the episode, the two men were forced to travel and meet the lady face to face in order to verify some of the information presented online. Consequently, security of the individuals in the online platform may be an issue of concern. Security and trust are issues affecting online interaction with fraud and privacy invasion in the contemporary society being exceedingly common. The episode highlights why security is vital in the online interaction

James Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

James Madison - Essay Example It is hoped that this will bring to light the relevance of Madison's politics to an understanding of America today. James Madison (1751-1836) served as the 4th President of America and is considered as the "Father of the American Constitution." Like his close friend Thomas Jefferson, James Madison came from a prosperous family of Virginia planters, received an excellent education, and quickly found himself drawn into the debates over independence. Madison emerged as a respected leader of the congress, known for his hard work and careful preparation.2 Dahl's analysis of Madison's political views centered on the latter's propositions relative to the Democrat-Republic that he and his colleagues (Alexander Hamilton and other supporters of the Constitution) advocate. These propositions are as follows: (1) the greatest threat in the American republic comes from a minority, not the majority; (2) to protect their rights from minority factions, members of the majority faction must organize their own political party; (3) the danger that majorities might threaten property rights could be overcome by enabling a majority of citizens to own property, a feasible solution in America; and (4) in a republic, majorities must be allowed to prevail. Dahl asserts that Madison's political views have somewhat developed from a non-democratic view to a more democratic one as his experience in politics broaden as demonstrated in his instigation of the Bill of Rights (10 amendments to the Constitution) in 1814. Nonetheless, Dahl contends that these proposi tions are still inconsistent with the political system that he upholds. He mentioned three inconsistencies, namely: (1) as an empirical proposition, his conjecture that increased size reduces the danger of factionalism is contradicted by subsequent experience; (2) in his conception of basic rights, Madison excluded more than half the adult population: women, African Americans, and American Indians; and (3) he actively supported the provision in the Constitution that gave to slave states an increase in representatives amounting to three-fifths of the slave population.3 According to Dahl, four questions served as Madison's guide in establishing his ideas: 1) What is the new system of government to be called 2) Does a common good exist and, if so, can we know what it is 3) What are the major threats to achieving the common good 4) Can these threats be overcome and, if so, how4 Constitutions or political regimes then were classified based on the number of person/s to whom authority is given. It could be any of these: the rule of [the] one, of the few, or of the many. Each may be considered either 'good or bad' form, depending on whether the rulers sought to achieve the common good or merely their own interests. Political regimes ruled by one are considered a monarchy and its undesirable form, despotism. Rule by the few would be aristocracy or oligarchy. How should one call the rule by the many Should the good form be called a democracy or a republic What about the bad form Dahl points out that these two terms were not yet clearly defined then and claims that "Madison's famous distinction between the terms 'democracy' and 'republic' was somewhat arbitrary and ahistorical" quoting Madison's

Free

Free Will vs Determinism Essay Socrates: â€Å"May it be that there is substantial reason to believe things are what they are because of what they were? † Nathan: â€Å"So, you too would be describing determinism as the way things will be as a result of how things are and work of natural laws? Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that this means there is no human freedom of choice or action that was ours to make in the first place? † Nathan: â€Å"No, I would like to believe humanity has the freedom of choice, since our choices are ours in the first place, although they must have an explanation. Socrates: â€Å"Is it possible that every choice may not have an explanation for why something led to specific effects? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, it is possible, but I would like to think that some situations do not hold explanations. † Socrates: â€Å"Nathan, is there room for acceptance that human choices or situations may be events? † Nathan: â€Å"That would be to say that they are mere objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects. † Socrates: â€Å"Possibly, but wouldn’t that mean they would hold an explanatory cause? Nathan: â€Å"If what you’re asking determines whether or not there is an explanation for why something happened that led to a specific effect, then yes. † Socrates: â€Å"Would you agree that every choice or event would have an explanatory cause? † Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I would like to believe that sometimes some choices or events are random leading to free will. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these human choices or events we speak of the same or are they different? † Nathan: â€Å"I would believe them to be different. Choices are instances of free will through periodic randomness as where events are often reflections of these spoken choices. Hence, they are different. Often choices may lead to an event, but events often lead to choices. † Socrates: â€Å"So you would entertain the idea that explanatory cause is not to be free? † Nathan: â€Å"No, to be free is having the ability to act at will; not under compulsion or restraint. Therefore to be free is merely an individual idea. † Socrates: â€Å"Are these two worlds of free will and determinism able to coexist within the same realm? Nathan: â€Å"Yes, I believe it is possible that a person’s free will may lead them to a point of determinism. This being they make a choice and then in turn that choice leads them to a predetermined point in life. It was just their choice in when or how they arrived there. † Socrates: â€Å"Can there be external determinism and internal free will? † Nathan: â€Å"It is possible that we may have a predetermination, however I believe that at the same time, we are capable of making our own decisions and making our own free choices. Even if these choices may lead to a determined place it is still our own decision on how we may arrive there. Summary I would like to state that I believe it is possible for determinism to exist in a world that is decided by free will even if our life is predetermined. However, just because our life has a determined end it does not conclude that the contents of our lives were without free will. Our choices all have an explanatory cause, even if we would like to think that some choices are made at random. This is, however, just another example that we control our own free will.